Safeguarding Assets: The SOX Act Essay examples -- The Sarbanes- Oxley

What is internal control? According to University of Phoenix, Axia College Internal Control and Cash (2009), internal control is all of the related methods and measures adopted within an organization to care its assets and enhance the accuracy and reliability of its business relationship records. The primary reasons for internal control are help companies protect their investments and merchandise against theft from everyone, including employees and to make sure that the accounting is done correctly and truthfully. There are six principals of internal control that apply to most enterprises. Establishment of responsibility- gives only one employee responsibility over a certain task. Someone is less likely to steal if they are the only person that can be linked back to a task. Segregation of Duties- divergent people are responsible for related activities and record keeping for assets is kept separate from physical custody of assets. Physical, mechanical, and Electronic control - Physicalcontrols relate to the safeguarding of assets, examples would be safes and locks. Mechanical and...

Kate Chopin Gives a Womans Voice to Realism Essay -- essays papers

Kate Chopin Gives a Womans Voice to RealismKate Chopin succeeded in giving a womans voice to realism. while doing this she sacrificed her career. This seems to be a higher order of feminism than repeating the story of a woman as victim...Kate Chopin gives her female protagonist the central role, normally speechless for the man, in a meditation on identity and culture, consciousness, and art. (Robinson 3) The role of woman in the society Chopin creates is of special interest and relevance. (Robinson 6)Introduction to Kate ChopinBefore Kate Chopin came onto the writing scene, women had an insignificant role in society. Women never did anything that would cause some sort of controversy. All literature focused around a male main character as well. Most stories being written at the time were about male characters and their stories, not the women. Kate Chopin changed that. Kate Chopin was born Katherine OFlaherty. She was born in St. Louis, Missouri in 1851. Her father was an Irish immigrant and her mother was of French descent. They introduced Kate to music and writing at an early age. (Elements of Literature 481)At nineteen she married Oscar Chopin, who was a French Creole from New Orleans. They had half a dozen children together. After her husbands sudden death IN???, she moved back to ST. Louis and began to write. In 1890 she published her first novel. Her stories concerned the life of French Creole in atomic number 57 and were praised for their accurate portrayal of the French. Her themes are a much more controversial matter it was the repression of women in Victorian America. This theme was presented in her famous novel The modify. (Robinson 15)The AwakeningKate Chopins most well... ...s. She accomplished her goals, and made a major impact on writing. Kate Chopin influenced many other women writers today. She was a pioneer of her own time, in her portrayal of womens desires of freedom and control of their own sexuality. (Toth 481)Bibliography1. Allen, Priscilla. Old Critics and New The treatment of Chopins The Awakening. The Authority of Experience Essays in Feminist Criticism, eds. Arlyn Diamond and Lee R. Edwards. Amherst University of Massachusetts Press, 1997.2. Chopin, Kate. A Pair of Silk Stockings Elements of Literature. Orlando, Florida Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, Inc., 1993 481-4843. Moers, Ellen. literary Women Garden City, NY Doubleday, 19764. Q. Arpin, Susan Allen Toth. Elements of Literature, 5th Course. Orlando, Florida Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, Inc., 1993

The World is Too Much With Us by William Wordsworth Essay -- William W

The World is Too Much With Us by William Wordsworth In William Wordsworths The World is Too Much With Us, this poem heeds warning to his generation. This warning is that they are losing sight of what is actually important in this world nature and God. To some great deal both of these are the same thing ...as if lacking appreciation for the natural gifts of God is not sin enough, we add to it the insult of pride for our rape of His land (Wordsworth). With his words, Wordsworth makes this means perpetual and everlasting. William Wordsworth loved nature and based many of his poems on it. He uses very strong diction to get his point and feelings across. This poem expresses Wordsworths feeling astir(predicate) nature and religion containing a melodic rhythm (Wordsworth). Each line and each word were chosen very carefully to express his thoughts and feelings. His references to God and Hellenic Gods catch the readers eye to find out why he connects God to nature (Gill). His soft tones a nd harsh words make the reader feel and inflict what the speaker does.This relatively simple poem angrily states that human beings are too preoccupied with the material and have lost touch with the spiritual and with nature. The first base part, the octave, of The World Is Too Much with Us begins with Wordsworth accusing the modern age of having lost its connection to nature and everything meaningful Getting and spending, we lay waste our powers / puny we see in Nature that is ours /We have given our ...

The Good Old Days of the Internet :: Personal Narrative Essay Example

I read an essay about how the meshing has changed since the good old days. It talked about the commencement of weblogs (aka- blogs), how they used to represent something essential about the web... and now (of course) theyve become so common (thanks to programs like Blogger), that their original purpose had been lost. The essay talked about how people who discovered the web recently (like me I suppose), were missing out on the original spirit of the web because commercialized sites had overrun everything, and we didnt have true web logs to shoot down us towards the small, personal sites behind the billboards. And on and on... I had a hard time grasping the underlying point of the essay, besides the fact that it sounded like soul talking about how they heard That Band live, back when they were Cool, before they Sold Out. But the idea that somehow the true spirit of the web was now compromised because of big commercial sites seemed a bit strange. Like somehow Nike.com was steali ng the soul of geocities.com/my_neighborhood/my_weblog.html. That struck me as BS. Us poor newcomers are apparently being deprived of the true web experience because of commercial sites. Id almost suggest just the opposite... the peculiar shifts that retail sales have had to undergo in order to do business on the internet have contributed as much to web culture as sites of cool tube links, or tributes to beloved deceased pets. Even the gawd-awful get-rich-quick auto-generated MLM sites and the horrid lay off for All links pages are part of the culture of the web. And us newcomers, if we really take interest in this strange alternate universe, can find the odd, underground personal sites if we look. To say that slick corporate sites are ruining the culture of the web would be like saying department stores like Macys or Bloomingdales destroyed the culture of New York City. By god, NYC should have no commercial enterprise bigger than those those kitschy little kosher delis, famil y-owned New York pizza shops and Asian groceries. Anything bigger and cut-up than that is an outrage. And NYC really has too many poeple now... all these newcomers just dont get it. Their clueless antics are ruining our citys culture. Those obnoxious street performers, and pushy three-card-monte scam artists To say postcode of the homeless How uncool are they?

Everyday Use Essay example -- essays research papers

In the short story Everyday Use, by Alice Walker, the short story is narrated by a black woman in the South who is faced with the decision to give away two quilts to one of her two daughters. Dee, her oldest daughter who is visiting from college, perceives the quilts as prevalent fashion and believes they should undoubtedly be given to her. Maggie, her youngest daughter, who still lives at home and understands the family heritage, has been promised the quilts. Dee is insistent to possess these heirlooms of family heritage, while Maggie is forbearing in allowing Mama to make her confess decision as to who should receive the quilts. Dee shows a lack of appreciation, disrespect, and a distancing behavior towards her mother and sister. Mama ultimately decides to give the quilts to Maggie with sufficient reasons to do so. Mama recognizes Dees polar style of life and the lack of appreciation her character displays. Her mother states, "I didnt want to bring up how I had offered Dee a quilt when she went away to college. because she had told me they were old-fashioned, out of style." Dee does not appreciate things unless it is for her own self-gratification. After being away at college, she is demanding to be given the quilts that her grandmother and aunt have made, for she now sees these valued items as fashionable objects. "Dee wanted nice things. At sixteen she had a style of her own and knew what style was." She has a selfish mind of her own. Mama is more than ...

A Conflict of Cultural Values between Generations Essay

Two generations clash in Hanif Kureishis short tier, My Son, The Fanatic. Parvez, the father, is an immigrant from Pakistan while his son, Ali, was born and grew up in England. In his adopted country, the father has exerted the effort to draw off the English values and raise his son the English way his son, meanwhile, suddenly decides to explore his familial roots and denounce everything Western. The story plays aside the generational departure between father and son in the context of their differing cultural values. Parvez is a good father according to traditional standards as to how a father should be.He grew up in his native Pakistan but left behind his old life when he migrated to England. He is hard-working. He has devoted his life to ensuring his sons education and supplying his needs. He measures his accomplishments according to his sons suffer. With an intelligent son who is also good at sports, he sense of smells he has done infrangible as a father. He is also conce rned about Ali all the time. When he senses something wrong with his son, he immediately tries to find out the reasons for the latters behavior. While a good father, however, Parvez has forgotten his roots.He has renounced his old religion. He studied in a strict Islamic school as a boy, but has since stopped following its tenets. He is a taxi driver in England now and here, taxi drivers make jokes about the local mullahs walking almost with their caps and beards. (Kureishi, 1196). The son, Ali, while he grew up in England, feels alienated with British culture. The story suggests, however, that the alienation occurs at a certain point in his life. The fathers dilemma begins when Ali starts throwing away his old toys, games and clothes.He gives up his sports and old friends, too. It is revealed later on that the reason for these changes is because Ali has embraced Islam. Along with his conversion is the realization that there is too untold freedom in the west that is more destruct ive than liberating to the human soul. He sums up all that is wrong with the westward civilization by declaring that the west was a sink of hypocrites, adulterers, homosexuals, drug takers and prostitutes (Kureishi, 1198). Furthermore, he believes that Muslims are being persecuted and thus should declare war against other religions.Alis fanaticism causes the conflict between him and his father. The latter begins to feel that his sons mind has been convoluted with his newfound faith. Parvez tries to understand Ali and hopes to make him realize the wrong logic in his Islamic faith by inviting him out to dinner. It only worsens the conflict, though. Ali chastises his father for drinking and gambling, forbidden acts in the religion. He expresses his disapproval at the fact that his father eats pork in spite his tranquilize being a Muslim.Parvez explains his side by telling his son that they are in England now and they have to fit in. Ali, however, could not be swayed in his strong con victions against western civilization. The problem with the west, according to him, is being allowed too much freedom. He also tells his father that he is going to stop going to school because western education cultivates an anti-religious attitude (Kureishi, 1198). This totally crushes the father. After all, he has invested his entire life for his son and Alis decision would put to waste his dreams and the long hours he has worked.The story climbs to a climax when Parvez sees his son walking on the street on the poor side of town where there are two mosques. He asks Ali to flap into the car. Beside him in the front seat is Bettina, the prostitute whom Parvez has made a close friendship. While Bettina tells Ali about how his father loves him, hoping to engage him in conversation, the son only responds with temper and comments on her profession. His sons disgust and prejudice against Bettina humiliates Parvez in front of his friend. The night after this incident, Parvez forces hims elf into Alis room while the young man is praying.He kicks and hits him. He is disappointed and desperate with both his son and himself. He thinks that if reasoning with his son would not bring him to his senses, punishing him physically would. The boy, however, does not fight rearward but instead turns the table upon his father by asking So whos the fanatic now? (Kureishi, 1201). The final question which Ali accuses his father with begs an analysis as to who is in the right in the conflict between the father and his son. To Parvez, living in England is an escape from a life in Pakistan which he feels constricted him.To Ali who has construct a devout Muslim, everything about England is a contradiction to the tenets of his newfound faith and the country, and others that practice the western culture, is prejudice to people like him. Each one has binding reasons for his actions, but any belief or value that is imbibed and led to the extremeinto fanaticismcould be harmful and cannot be acceptable. The concept of democracy as a western ideal is positive only up to a point as much as Islam is positive until it is taken to extremes.Furthermore, Parvez could not force his own beliefs and values upon his son at his age because Ali has already reached adulthood, that time in life when a person could already think for himself, when his will cannot be controlled as easily as when he was a mere child, and when can no longer be called his fathers child. If Parvez and his son could not meet midway because they are consumed by their respective cultural beliefs and their fanaticism, they would only be at peace with each other if they learn to accept their differences.Work Cited Kureishi, Hanif. My Son, The Fanatic.

Demand chain management Essay

1.IntroductionPurpose of this assignment is to analyse the case show of the dingle Inc, relating to the seven questions asked on the case study. Objective of the case study analysis is to get a deeper understanding of the Global payoff, outsourcing and logistics. 2.Comp any(prenominal) overviewdell is a global reading engineering company that offers its guests a broad range of solutions and services delivered directly by dingle and through other distribution channels. Their focused is to provide technology solutions that be more efficient, more accessible, and easier to manage. dingle Inc. is a holding company that conducts its business worldwide through its subsidiaries. Their global corporate headquarters is located in Round Rock, Texas. In terms of the PC manufacturing commercialize place, DELL is at number 3 position (Behind HP & Lenovo) with annual tax revenue of USD 62,071 Million. They made a clams profit of USD 3,492 Million for the year 2012, which would transla te to a net profit adjustment of 5.6%.dell focuses on 4 main market target segments.SegmentRevenue divisionLarge Enterprises30%Public 27%Small & medium business 24%Consumers 19%Table 2.1 Dell Incs marketing segmentsThe proceeds portfolio of Dell consists of sell Servers, Networking, Storage, Outsourced services, Project Management, Support & deployment services, Infrastructure, Cloud, Security services, Applications, Business Process services, Client devices notebooks, workstations, tablets, smartphones, and desktop PCs For the purpose of the case study, the focus will be on the products & distribution of in the flesh(predicate) computers.3.Case study questions3.1.1.What ar the payoffs to DELL of having manufacturing sites located where they are? A company once decided to place their outturns overseas, must make a decision to whether to rivet their production or to de-centralize it over different countries. A company will look at 3 areas in making this decision. Country fa ctorsoPoliticaloEconomicaloCulturaloFactor CostsoLocation Externalities masterly labour technologyoTrade barriersoTransport approachoFDI rules & regulationsoExpected exchange rate stabilityTechnological factorsoFixed personifyoMinimum Efficient ScaleoFlexible manufacturing/Mass customizationProduct FactorsoValue-to-Weight RatiooServes Universal needs(Hill, 2011)Dell Inc which behave a product with lower fixed exist of manufacturing, lower minimum efficient scale and with low call forment for hand customization or whippy manufacturing will opt in for decentralization. as well considering the product factors, Dell has a product which has a lower Value-to-weight ratio and a product which needs to be customized to each market, which indicates the requirement for the De-centralized strategy. Decentralize/Centralize decision will be influenced by the companys own objectives. Dell specify their objectives as Generating make up efficiencies,Delivering products speedy,Better serv ing their customersBuilding a world-class communicate chain.(Annual Report, 2012) In order tocater to these objectives and support product factors and technology factors, Dellhas taken the decision to De-centralize. formerly the decision to decentralize has been taken, they will go ahead with selecting the countries where they will try to exploit the country factors listed above to their advantage. Current mends where Dell has their production facilities are as follows Austin, TexasPenang, MalaysiaXiamen, chinaHortolndia, brazil nutChennai, IndiaLodz, Poland.Advantages exploited from each of these locations can be listed as below 3.1.1.1.Market Access Generating cost efficiencies, Delivering products faster, Dell main objective is to deliver products faster while generating cost efficiencies. The growth countries and regions that they have naughtylighted are BRIC countries (Brazil, Russia, India, and China). The strategy they have used is to remain best possible market access these strategic regions. Analysing the location they have selected following advantages can be seen. Texas is central to all of the U.SMalaysia is central to the huge Asia-Pacific region.Lodz Poland close to the big markets of the UK, Germany, and France. Brazil, India and China plants are set up to spend a penny the respective markets quickly3.1.1.2.Labor cost and qualityChina is a low cost manufacturing locationTexas is cheaper than Silicon ValleyMalaysia is cheaper than SingaporeThe quality of labor is high in each of these locations as well. Besides having well-educated workers, engineers and technicians, each location has little or no labor union activity. They have also handle industry clusters such as Sao Paulo (Brazil) and Shenzhen (China) to ensure that labour markets are not tight and expensive.3.1.1.3.Transportation and tele dialogues infrastructure The Texas locations, for instance, are in close proximity to major(ip) highways and to a major Federal Express distributi on center. Telecommunications bandwidth, cost, and quality are also factors, especially for call centers and data centers.3.1.1.4. administration incentivesMajor incentives were offered by Texasfinancial incentives were offered in Brazil by the state government Tax holi days in Malaysia3.1.2.What are the potential disadvantages of the locations? Political turmoilPolitical stability is a requirement for a production location. Countries such as Brazil may be affected by unstable political blank spaces. If shut stack, a Whole region will be effected Economical InstabilityOperations may be effected from economical stability of its countries, especially European region with the current EURO debt crisis. E.g DELL had to close down it Ireland manufacturing arm in 2011, after laying off 2000 employees. Expiration of Government concessionsOne of the key reasons to locate the production facilities where they are is due to concessions offered by government. almost government concessions wil l be expired after a billeticular period, after which operations might be unfavourable. (e.g Texas, china, Malaysian operations). In such situation net expenditure may drastically rise, making financially unfeasible. Why does Dell purchase most of the components that go into its PC market from self-reliant suppliers as opposed to making more itself (Dell does little more than final assembly of components into PC)?Dell purchases many of their products and all of their components from third party vendors. Main reasons for Dell buying them from independent suppliers are1.Reduce the attempt of having large inventories, which can become obsolete quite quickly In the IT industry generally new products are introduced to the market very rapidly. Therefore exsising products can become obsolete quite rapidly, with the introduction of new products into the market by competitors.2.Reduce the inventory holding cost- Inventory holding cost includes cost such as warehousing and logistic cost, insurance cost, spoilage and breakage cost etc. However since Dell carries extremely lower take fuck off of inventories their inventory holding cost have been reduced to a grater extent.Majority (95%) of Dells suppliers located at closer to the Dells factory and most of these suppliers have to furnish the products to Dell within 90 minutes after placing the order. This has also helped Dell to reduce their inventory to a greater extent and has enable Dell to practice Just In clipping (JIT) manufacturing.3.Reduce the cost of co-ordination compared to vertical integration As Dell does not have its own factories, they are not incurring any expenditure by way of establishment expenses, administrative expenditure etc, which generally carries relatively large amounts. to a fault Dell has been able to reduce the cost of controlling and cost of coordination to a greater extent which otherwise would have to be incurred, if they have been vertically integrated.4.Obtain tractableness in terms of cost, quality, quantity, delivery, capacity, support etc, as they are purchasing items from several different suppliers depending on the requirement and circumstances. Dell openly shares its daily production schedules, gross sales forecasts, and new-model introduction plans with vendors using Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)s. Dells forecast of tot is normally 75% accurate and if in case it is wrong, get hold of Shaping is done to overcome the situation.5.Reduce the cost Dell purchases 75% of their purchases from 30 main suppliers (15% of their suppliers), and generally maintains several single-source or limited-source supplier relationships, either because multiple sources are not readily available or because the relationships are advantageous to us due to performance, quality, support, delivery, capacity, price etc.Majority of these suppliers are from Asian countries that have relatively lower labor cost and this has been helped to reduce Dells cost to greater extent . Also due to the large volumes that are purchased, their is high bargaining causation over their suppliers which has resulted in Dell obtaining vendor rebates and discounts which too have resulted in Dell reducing the cost to a greater extent.6.Reduce time to market compared to competitors Time taken to release a new product to market is a critical success factor in IT industry. Since Dell is purchasing most of their components independent suppliers, Dell is able to introduce new products to the market as and when new components are introduced by suppliers.As a result of Dells efficacious supply chain management, they dont have any warehouse and also their factories have only 72 hours worth of inventory. Also cash renewal cycle (time between an outlay of cash for parts and collection of payments) of Dell is negative 36, where as in industry it is 30 days. Also their inventory employee turnover has remained around 107 times where as in companies such as IBM it is 17.5 times. Wh at are the consequences for Dells cost structure and profitability of replacing inventories with information?In year 2004, Dell has been able to achieve the lowest inventory levels in the industry that was only three days of inventory on hand, compared to 30, 45, or even 90 days worth at competitors. This was a critical advantage in the computer inventory, where component costs account for 75 percent of revenues and typically fall by 1 percent per week due to rapid obsolescence.Replacing inventory with information has contributed greatly to Dells business model it is the cornerstone of their cost structure. Reducing inventory also reduces the need for working capital thus replacing inventory with information boosts profitability. Another aspect of dells customer focus was skeletal system to order philosophy. Every dell pc has been built this way unlike many other companies who build for sales forecasts. To offer build to order system, companies must have cell manufacturing team of workers who build each PC from start to finish rather than a typical assembly term production. Cell manufacturing in which one group of people is responsible for building a pc.Among other things cell manufacturing allows you to build to order in an efficient way. Dells received inspiration was to go direct but that only got it off the ground. Dell has made crucial innovations in its business model as it has grown these accompanying innovations have made it prosper not its adherence to a single rigid idea standards based technology as a point of market entry is one of those crucial points. Then dell began to implement a new model. Its operations had always featured a build to order member with direct sales to customers but dell took a series of ingenious steps to eliminate its inventories.Three golden rules of dell are disdain inventory, harken to the customer, never sell indirect. Note that disdaining inventory was number one. Because of computers and the way they handle infor mation zipper or near zero inventory control is way out to be a major business factor in the coming years and dell lead the way. Inventory is a drag on any business and particularly pure internet based businesses need no inventory on hand. Inventory means capital investments and that investment is a formidable challenge to any start up. Further holding considerable amount of inventory in a business increase the overall debt position of firms and hurl them to incur massive amount of interest cost.The strategy to minimize inventory is the only way to maintain start up cost and interest cost at an acceptable level. In the short run it will permit more start-ups because smart companies with tiny inventories come online with minimal capital investment and Dells strategy of direct sale through online was a good example for the above. Dell actually funds its operations in large part by maintaining zero inventory.It bills customers immediately but pays suppliers 36 to 45 days later. So it can flat an enormous amount of cash on which it earns a real amount of additional interest. Besides reducing and reversing capital investment, zero inventory means that stock depreciation and obsolete a central cephalalgia in high tech is almost on problem. Maintaining zero inventory naturally keeps a company more agile. In fact true zero inventory keeps a company on the knifes edge of responsiveness which is where dell likes to be. Dells model demand comes first supply second.Cost Structure1.Inventory acquisition and holding cost2.Interest cost3.Re-work cost4.Obsolete inventory written offProfitability1.Gross profit and net profit margin2.Higher return on investment3.Interest cover4.Higher EBIT marginQuestion 6What is the source of Dells competitive advantage?A competitive advantage is an advantage over competitors gained by offering consumers greater value, either by means of lower prices or by providing greater benefits and services that justifies higher prices. Michael por ter suggests that accompany can adopt one of the three strategies Differentiation, cost leadership, or focus in finding its competitive edge. Dell mass produce its components to keep the cost minimum, while postponing the assembly of the computers till the customer final orders are received. The model enabled Dell to gain competitive advantage ahead of competition with impoverished cost structure and customer birth. Dells global business model which is admired by world-over has positions its production plants close their key markets in order to reduce shipping and transport costs and access to labour markets on low wages and with high productivity.The JIT inventory enabled Dell to reduce unvoiced investments on large inventories and warehousing. Short channel length and optimized supply chain process reduces cost of doing business further internet sales which generates major revenue inflow is an low cost sales channel helped Dell immensely in gaining cost leadership in the indust ry. Dell offer customers unique experience with its responsiveness through assembled-to-order, speed and convenient purchasing cycle online. How secure is this advantage ?Dells practical and economical model combining mass production and customization is a key strength which is well executed by effective integration of business plans aligned with supply chain resources. Evolvement of lean supply chain can give Dell with its drive for innovation to capitalize heavily and come up with fracture business model enhancing value proposal of marriage to the customer. Similarly fast-paced technological developments too will be opportunities for Dell to enhance their competitive advantage. Internet sales channel can further expand with Brazil and China consisting of one of the largest internet populations of the world. Product life cycle of PC market is at maturity stage and global trend is consumers are demanding for more convenient devices. Treats from low cost new entrants and rivalry am ong competitors make Dell, more reputed and admired organization to stand tall.Pressure from USA on China on exchange rate, China and Brazil growth as a middle income nation can stir the low cost labour and conflict of the product. Lack of culture driving innovation in countries they operate limits options for Dell to move value added services to lost cost labour countries like how HP has moved its design and R/D centre to Singapore. Anti-globalization ideology of China could impact Dells business future. For reputed organization like Dell, Green SC, ethics and CSR will require additional investments will increase their cost structures. In conclusion, we are of the view that considering above situation, Dells competitive advantage is not secure and could impact their current advantages.07. What are the potential risks associated with Dells global supply chain strategy? How can these risks be mitigated? Supply chain risk can be defined as followsUnforeseen events that might interru pt the smooth flow of materials. (Waters, 2008) Unlike local or company-specific risks, system-wide risks are those which significantly crack up supply chains across multiple operations and a wide geographic area. Systemic risks are created or magnified by the way supply chain systems are configured.So they are not easily resolved by individual acts. In todays globalized and interconnected world, any major disruption from a disease to a fire, has the potential to cascade through supply chains and permeate other systems. According to the research of consulting firm Accenture in 2006, over 50% of executives aspected felt that the risk of supply chains had increased as a result of their globalization of business operations & also significant supply chain disruptions have been found to cut the share price of impacted companies by 7% on average. Further Accenture research done in 2012 indicates that more than 80% of companies are now concerned about supply chain resilience.The World Ec onomic Forum in 2012 conducted a detailed survey on Supply Chain Risk across Europe, North America and Asia via the World Economic Forums Supply Chain Risk Radar. The aim was to understand how the risk landscape varied across the three regions and compared with the top five global risks from 2011. Survey respondents considered global risks and their potential to cause system-wide disruptions in global supply chains. According to the survey the following top five disruption figures in 2012 were identifiedWhat risks is Dell exposed to through its supply chainGovernment Regulations / Legal decisions Currency / Interest rate volatility Country Financial Risks Political & Social Disruptions Corporate Governance issues Disruption of key supplier / colleague thieving of intellectual property Natural disastersRisk Why Dell is exposedMitigatesGovernment Regulations / Legal decisions50% of the major suppliers are in Asia (Developing countries)Close study on the changes in regulations & the political situation of the countries invested in and limit expansion if the conditions are adverse Currency / Interest rate volatility200 suppliers of which 50% located outside USASupply on determined fixed prices for a specific period of time Forward exchange rate contractsTheft of intellectual property85% of the sales are done through the internetDepend on a resilient core network, appropriate communication tools, and an element of redundancy. 34 This requires IT systems that are scalable, secure and re-routable Natural DisastersMany suppliers & factoriesAdequate insurance protectionsWorld Economic Forum, Building Resilience in Supply Chains January 2012 closeDells effective supply chain management has enabled them to reduce their cost to a greater extent, which has in turn helped them to improve its international competitiveness. Also effective supply chain management has enabled them to increase the value creation to the customer by providing a faster and better service to the c ustomer. When determining the production locations, consideration must be given to country factors, technological factors and product factors prior to finalizing the decision.Strategiclocations of Dells production facilities have helped them to minimize cost, improve product quality and enabling better delivery channels. Furthermore Dells strategy to purchase components from independent suppliers has facilitates strategic flexibility and helps the company to avoid the problems and costs associated with vertical integration. However unlike locally operated companies, global operatorslike Dell, has system-wide risks which could significantly disrupt supply chains across multiple operations and a wide geographic area other than the inherent company specific risks. In conclusion it is important that global companies like Dell should continue to mitigate these risks and achieving a better supply chain management through close alliances with suppliers and customers in striving for long te rm business competitiveness.

Media regs

Though stilldom of the press is protected and guaranteed by the First Amendment, there fall in virtually always been law of natures limiting and defining that freedom. These restricts stem from English common law regarding slander and hatchet job and from the attempts of the United States judicature to keep up with incessantly changing modern whiles.The initial restraints on the freedom of the press were simply in regards to libel and defamation. These concepts, dating to before the adoption of the American Constitution, were inherited restriction of the freedom of the press. Ultimately though, in American law at least, they aim down to a singular defense. Its non libel or defamation if it is true.Libel laws require that the victim be identified, that the thing being written legal injurys them in the eyes of a significant minority and that the accusation not be true. Under American law, truth is the ultimate libel defense. However, the American court system has also long h eld that the freedom does not extend to the press the rightly to deliberately and with malice harm a person or group by reporting fiction. If the issue being reported is true, then there is no libel. This differs from other countries around the world, including Australia, where libel simply involves damaging another persons reputation and the claim can be made whether or not the facts in evidence support the accusations made.The important distinctions of American libel law in lie in identification and the concept of a significant minority. In the part, American courts own ruled that identification does not necessarily mean by name. Identification can be implied, so that a significant consider of multitude can figure out who the individual is that is being discussed or it can be as a member of a group. For example, even if shilling J angiotensin-converting enzymes is never identified by name as a member of the program library board, he is a part of that group.If the press then accuses all library board members of being tax cheats, and Jones is not, then he has been libeled as part of an identifiable group. The other interesting caveat of the law and the administration of libel law is that the victim must only prove that their reputation was damaged within a significant minority. This wording leaves a great deal up to the judgment of the court, both in determining what is a significant minority and when that minority might believe the things that are published about an individual. Ultimately though, all journalism students in the U.S. are taught that truth is the ultimate defense. If the issue being reported is true, there is no libel. win restricting the freedom of the press is the concept of defamation of character. This is the economy under which most lawsuits against tabloid magazines were brought before the more modern move to accuse them of invasion of privacy. Libel requires that a person suffer actual damage as a result of the insult to their rep utation, i.e. the loss of a job, relationship or some tangible asset. Defamation simples requires that a person was injured by the falsehoods spoken or written about them.This was well and good until 1964 when the Supreme Court ruled that reality persons, politicians and others who earn their living via being in the limelight, could only sue for defamation when they could prove actual malice. This meant that unless the public figure, say the president, for example, could prove that the news organization concocted false stories knowingly for the sole purpose of harming him, he would have no right to sue. If the story was true, then he definitely had no grounds to stand on.In 1798, the U.S. Congress further restricted the freedom of the press with the revolution Act of 1798. The sedition act said, among other things, that both false, scandalous or malicious writings that bring damage to the U.S. Congress, the President, or any branch of the government were illegal (Wisconsin Journali sm 2005). The laws regarding seditious libel were used to keep the press from criticizing the government and to restrict the freedom of the press. Furthermore, the government has always seen fit to regulate openhanded content in print and has in recent years also restricted the types of advertising allowed in some form of media.However, with the advent of and expansion of wireless and television, the U.S. government determined it necessary to create an entirely new arm of the government to regulate the media, the Federal Communications Commission. The FCC was begun as a means of peremptory the mobilisewaves with a lot of lofty goals in place. Allegedly, there was a concern about air space.The frequency the broadcast media was using had to be apportioned so that radio displace were not stepping on each others signals, preventing anyone from receiving clear reception. Furthermore, by regulating the size and power of the broadcast tower, the FCC claimed it was preventing the rcih stations from bossy the airwaves with might instead of talent or desire. The plan then, was to increase competition by making sure than everyone was on a level playing field.As term progressed, the FCC also worried about the influence that the broadcast media held and installed limitations on the number of television stations and radio stations that could be controlled by a wholeness company or person. The idea was to again promote competition and prevent one faction from having superior control over the information rise to powerible to the bonny citizen. In further support of this, in 1949, the FCC instituted the Fairness Doctrine, a rule that said if a broadcast media gave a specific amount of time to one side of an issue, it was required to give the same amount of time to the other side.This was done theoretically to promote fair and balanced reporting of issues so that the public could make informed decision regarding political issues, rather than being completely influenc ed by hearing only one side of an issue. Paid advertising was exempted, besides that the media had to charge the same price to whatever person wanted to buy advertising space rather than offering special deals to the side of an issue support by the newspaper column staff of the station.The fairness doctrine was later withdrawn as unnecessary, but there have been some efforts recently to bring it back. Largely, these efforts come in the form of diatribes against right-wing talk radio, saying that because the talk show hows do not present fair and balanced reporting of the issues, the stations which air them should be forced to offer a show with a counter point. Opponents of this argue that free market competition has made the right-wing talk shows utile and that commerce, not politics, has dictated the content of most broadcast stations.Because of the differing availability of broadcast television and radio, the FCC has also felt more comfortable with restricting the types of adve rtising that these stations may accept and when they may air it. The FCC banned some alcohol commercials and all cigarette advertising from the broadcast media in an attempt to legislate a healthier country. Proponents of the restrictions say that manufacturers were unfairly using the psychological impact of broadcasting to influence people of an inappropriate age range to drink or smoke. Further restrictions have run the gamit from requiring alcohol manufacturers to encourage responsible drinking to forcing tobacco companies to rethink and redesign trademark logos.In short, the FCC has tried to regulate the broadcast media at any turn that it appears the American public is likely to accept. They have been able to do this by differentiating between the press and the mass media when it suits them. And, the FCC has tried to regulate the print media as well, from suing Hustler for its publication of pornography to creating and overseeing joint operating agreements between major metropo litan newspapers, forcing the papers, once owned by the same company, to maintain separate editorial boards to preserve the appearance of competition and diversity in news.The FCC has also tried to regulate even more modern media forms with attacks on the internet and attempts to regulate how Americans access the world wide web. This over regulation has led to a backlash with many people believing that the industry needs to be de-regulated and the FCC in a precarious position. In recent years it has fined broadcast networks for the language and behavior of shock jocks, for wardrobe malfunctions at the Super Bowl, and for language used during prime time television.But an increasingly media moil nation is demanding that they back off. Yes, some people were offended with the sight of Janet Jacksons breast in a time when people believed the programming to be family-friendly, but at the same time, people are also calling on the offended to regulate themselves and turn off the programs t hey acknowledge offensive. Many people no longer believe in the governments right or need to protect people. After all, what tech savvy child cant find his way to much more gratuitous sites on the internet?The relaxing of the regulations on the broadcast media is long overdue. The broadcast media has been ham strung for years by the overregulation by the FCC. It has suffered through undue restrictions and made to compete with cable television which did not suffer from the same salmagundi of restrictions. They have been subjected to the whims of the FCC and have had restricted advertising revenues due to FCC regulations. The reality is that Americans are tech savvy enough now to restrict themselves. If they want to keep their families from screening in appropriate materials, they can do so via parental controls or a v-chip. It should not be the governments responsibility to legislate morality.Furthermore, the regulations every need to be applied across the board or not at all. The FCC has not kept pace with technology in the modern era, and has frankincense not had Congress give it jurisdiction over newer forms of communication including cable television and satellite radio. As these things become commonplace, by regulating the broadcast media that uses the free airwaves and not the pay-for-use broadcast media, the FCC places the free media at a distinct disadvantage and should not do so.While some restrictions on the freedom of the press, such as libel and defamation laws are appropriate, laws aimed at protecting society from itself, including advertising and pornography restrictions should be lifted. Once again, the government should trust the free market to decide as it did in the Imus case. No FCC interference was needed to get the bigoted talk show host off the air. The fair market did its job, demanding that he be removed or th station face lost revenue. That should be the way the media is regulated.WORKS CONSULTED Americas Battle over Media Ownership The Economist, Sep. 11, 2003. , June 29, 2007.Hendrickson, Chris T and Francis Clay McMichael. supreme Contraditctions among Regulations The American Economic Review, Vo. 75, No. 4. Sep., 1985, pp. 876-877.Media Regulation, PBS,, June 29, 2007.

How the New Deal Improved the Lives of American Citizens

By 1900 the the Statesn nation had established itself as a world violence being the largest steel producer in the world, turning out 10,000,000 tons a year. A boom in urban construction meant that cities were growing. Telephones were in replete(p) use and homes were being electrified. Skyscrapers were the newest frontier in design. By 1920 more(prenominal) than 500 had been built in impertinently York alone. After the First dry land War the republican Party won a democracyslide victory and as a result Warren Harding (The Republican Candidate) was voted into office in 1920. This was because his policies appealed to the majority of the American pack.Throughout the 1920s, numerous Republican presidents were in power. President Harding believed in what he called Normalcy- letting the ground forces get back to normal life before the war. His key Policies were Isolationism which meant that the regular army was non to get involved in contrasted wars or disputes. (This meant the r ejection of Woodrow Wilsons League of Nations) He also proposed that Higher Tariffs should be placed on foreign goods to draw and quarter them expensive in the USA so that people would buy American goods instead, allowing US industry to grow.Furthermore, He promised to lower taxes. This would help artes to grow and gave workers more money to spend. This would encourage people buy American goods and Invest in American Industries, helping them grow even more. These policies appeared to reflect exactly the mood of the American people at the time therefore it is no surp scrape up that the result of the 1920 election entirely vindicated Harding. Harding secured 60. 3 per penny of the vote compared to 39. 7 per cent for the Democrat candidate James Cox. (1)Harding clearly appealed to the American Electorate.Undoubtedly, his campaign slogan, Let us return to normalcy, was exceedingly popular to a nation fluid rec overing from the effects of war. To them, normalcy implied the removal of wartime restrictions and a refusal of Wilsons policy for continued involvement in foreign affairs. Because of this the Republicans were in a strong localization to reverse the Progressivism of the Democrat years and instead return to laissez-faire politics and a reduction in Government intervention. These policies helped to create the economic prosperity in the 1920s.In the 1920s, the profits of many an(prenominal) American companies rose enormously. Goods were produced quickly and cheaply because of new mass production techniques. The biggest economic boom came in the industries making consumer goods. Sales of sign of the zodiac goods, such as vacuum cleaners and washing machines, boosted the electrical industry. This was made possible by the republican government activity cutting taxes and protecting industry version foreign imports, giving people money to spend and invest. These investments would help industry expend and even more.The Fordney-McCumber Tariff tour of 1922 raised tariffs higher than ever before. advertize credit and hire purchase made it is easy to spend. (As shown in source 2) American familiarity was full of contrasts in the 1920 and there were some real advances for many Americans. Jobs were had easier to find and were better paid than before. The amount of Billionaires in America had increased by 400% . People could also enjoy themselves like never before. Millions of Americans went to the cinema each week to watch new stars such as Charlie Chaplin and Rudolph Valentino.Hollywood became the centre of a multi-million dollar industry. (Source 3) Due to social change, women gained greater freedom. A symbol of this emancipation was the flappers. (Source 4) Because times were good there was a feeling of confidence in America. The single most important industry was the motor industry. By 1929 there were 26 million railway cars on the roads. (As shown in source 5) A large car industry helped create further jobs in related areas, such as car parts and road construction. It also helped the growth of suburbs and as a result the urban population increased exponentially.The figures in source 6 seem to set up the image of economic boom in the USA during the 1920s. Perhaps the biggest impact on peoples prevails was Hardings policy of prohibition. Alcohol became almost unavailable, legally, and as a result drunkenness and deaths collectable to cirrhosis decreased. In source 7 President Hoover summed up the feelings of many Americans in a savoir-faire in 1928 We in America are nearer to the final victory over poverty than ever before in the history of any land but despite the economic boom, there were serious weaknesses in the US economy during the 20s.Likewise many routine Americans did not share in the boom. African Americans, in particular, suffered from discrimination and a great pile had the worst jobs. Because the Government adopted Non Interventionism the country had not undergone social reform. As a resul t the Republicans failed to pass any rights preventing the separatism and lynching of African Americans. As a consequence many African Americans left the Deep South for the cities to escape persecution and find work. In new(a) York, by 1925 the population of African Americans had tripled. Native Americans also did not share in the prosperity of the1920s.A government census in 1920 revealed that most lived in utmost(a) poverty. They suffered extreme discrimination and were quickly losing their land to Rapid City expansion. They population of Native Americans declined from 1. 5 million to 250,000. There were called Vanishing Americans. Although women had gained some liberty from the boom they were still a long way from being equal to men. For example, women were still paid less than men, even when they did the same job. Women may have also current the vote barely it didnt give them political power.Political parties wanted womens votes but they didnt particularly want them as poli tical candidates as they considered them unelectable whole a handful of women had high public standing by 1929. Some industries did not grow in the 1920s such as coal and textiles because they couldnt compete with in advance(p) synthetic resources. Source 8 shows the discontent in the coal industry in the 1920s. Many other Industries could not export goods because of tariffs in other countries these were often simply retaliation to the American tariffs (A failure on the Republicans part) Crime and corruption also became a serious problem for the Republicans.Many areas became renowned for illegal bootleggers and gangs, such as Chicago which was run by the notorious AL Capone. To make matters worse banishment damaged a large part of the governments income. It seemed that Prohibition had failed. Therefore it is no surprise it was immediately withdrawn when Roosevelt came to power. Perhaps the biggest limitation of the 20s was that wealth was concentrated in a small itemize of hands . And not shared equally. Around 32% of the countrys wealth was owned by 5% of the population while 42% of the population lived under the poverty line. Source 9 shows some differences in earnings.The major companies worked to keep wages down and prices high to ensure large profits, however this combination in reality stopped a lot of people from buying goods. Farmers suffered from over production and prices were very low (as shown in source 10) the industry started to decline shrinking half in size by 1928. All these limitations of the boom seem to suggest that perhaps in source 7 when Hoover delivered his speech in 1928 he was in fact ignorant and failed to realise the seriousness of the situation.Indeed he was later criticised for not doing anything to help the people andas a result the slums and anything associated with poverty was nicknamed afterwards Hoover. For example Hooervilles On October the 29th 1929 the American Stock Market collapsed. Known as the Wall Street Crash this economic disaster caused America to enter the Great Depression, the largest in American History to this day. The effects of the crash were disastrous for many ordinary Americans many had only experienced economic prosperity and Boom during their life time. Many individuals were bankrupt- they could not pay back the loans they used to buy their (now worthless) shares.This meant that homeowners bewildered their homes because they could not pay their mortgages. Even some who had savings lost their money because the banks collapsed. Many invokeers suffered a similar fate as banks tried to get back their loans. Many farmers were forced to sell their land. To make matters worse over farming and drought turned millions of acres of land into a Dustbowl forcing farmers to leave their land. Source 11 shows that many increasing amounts of Americans faced unemployment. The confidence of individuals was shattered. Those that managed to stay in work faced reduced hours and wages.Countless unemployed Americans were reduced to picking over rubbish dumps or begging and many more were forces to use the provided dope kitchens and charity hand-outs, hence the term on the breadline. In the land of opportunity this was seen as a terrible failure, and 23,000 people committed suicide in 1932 alone. Most Americans came to blame Hoover for the Depression. This is not entirely fair since there were much larger forces at work than Hoovers policies. However people blamed him because of his governments inaction in tackling peoples problems.Hoover believed that the situation was not too serious and that prosperity is just around the ceding back. This upset many Americans. (As shown in source 12)In some ways, Hoover was unfairly criticised. Although his government did not know how to stop the Depression, it did take action between 1929 and 1932. The reconstructive memory Finance Corporation was set up and it lent money to banks, industries and agriculture to help solve the problem o f bankruptcy. In 1930 the Smoot-Hawley modus operandi raised tariffs, and in 1932 the government raised taxes. But these simply made the Depression much worse.Overall, however Hoover still believed in rugged individualism, sticking to the idea that it was not the governments job to interfere with business. He showed fine sympathy for the poor and starving American people. It was no surprise then, that Hoover was decisively beat by Franklin. D. Roosevelt in the 1932 presidential elections. Hoover won a majority in only two articulates, which were both profoundly criticised by the press. (As source 13 shows) During the election campaign, Roosevelts key phrase was his offer of a New troop for Americans. There could be no greater contrasts to Hoover than his opponent Roosevelt.Unlike Hoover, Roosevelt believed in active government to rectify the lives of ordinary people. He had plans to spend public money on getting people back to work. As Governor of New York, he had already sta rted doing this in his own state. Most importantly he was not afraid to ask for advice on important issues from a wide ramble of experts, such as factory owners, union leaders and economists. Roosevelts policy of interventionism openly contradicted Hoovers laissez faire approach to tackling the depression. Roosevelts ideas helped improve peoples lives during the Great Depression and gave them hope for bright future.Once in office Roosevelt was determined to act quickly. In the Hundred Days He managed to get the US relation back to pass many new laws. This first New Deal legislation is summarised in source 14. In his later years in office, Roosevelt updated and changed some laws as well as creating further legislation where it was unavoidable. The first New Deal was about economic recovery. The second New Deal Roosevelt introduced was about making the USA a fairer society for all. In 1935 the Works progress Administration replaced the Public works Administration (PWA) It extended the range of work provided for the unemployed.The National Relations Act or Wagner act, also in 1935 forced employers to recognise trade unions after the National Recovery Act (NRA) was declared illegal by American courts. This law meant that workers kept the protection that the NRA had given them. Furthermore the fond Security Act in 1935 provided aid for the elderly and set up an unemployment insurance scheme. The welfare state had been created. However, the provisions were still far less comprehensive than in Germany or Britain. The New Deal help to improve the lives of American people and make society a faire place for all.Thanks to the National Recovery act and the Wagner act Workers achieved greater freedom in the workplace, receiving higher wages, lower hours and the freedom to run into and complain legally. However there were still many problems for the ordinary workers. Big business still remained immensely powerful and many strikes were broken up with uncouth violence ( such as the case of Ric rough Fankensteen) Numerous African Americans benefited from New Deal slum clearance and housing projects as well from the other agencies such as CCC.Source 15 shows what may African American had to go through each day. By 1935 around 30% of all African American families were dependant on the New Deal emergency relief. However Roosevelt failed to pass any laws against the lynching of African Americans. He feared that Democrat senators in the southern states would not support him, as they were determined that no concessions should be made to improve the status of African Americans. As a result many New Deal agencies discriminated against African Americans. They both got no work or received worse treatment or lower wages.For women the New Deal was a gateway to greater freedom. The New Deal saw some women achieve prominent positions, such as Eleanor Roosevelt who became an important campaigner on social issues and Frances Perkins, the Secretary of Labour in Roo sevelts government. However most of the New Deal programmes were aimed at male workers rather than females. By 1936 only about 8,000 women were employed by the CCC. To make matters worse the local governments tried to avoid paying out social security payments to women by introducing special qualifications and conditions.Native Americans had also not really benefited from Roosevelts work. Although the Indian Reorganisation Act and the Indian reservation Act in 1934 helped Native Americans to buy and improve land and to preserve and practice their traditions, laws and cultures, Native Americans remained a poor and excluded section of society. An agenda such as the New Deal was unheard of in American history. It was bound to attract opposition and it did. Powerful Business men opposed Roosevelt because he interfered with their business and gave their workers rights.This meant that they lost profit as workers now had to be paid more and could legally strike. Not to mention the cost of m aking the workplace conditions adequate. To no surprise the Republicans dislike Roosevelts programme. Source 16 expresses the mood of the Republican politicians. After 1938, Republicans had the majority in the senate, and Roosevelt was unable to get any more New Deal legislation through. These opponents found it easy to criticize Roosevelt for steering the USA down the road to Socialism. Roosevelt likewise faced enormous opposition from the State governments and the arrogant Court.The Supreme Court ruled the NRA and the AAA illegal and unconstitutional because they undermined the States power. (The court was dominated by Republicans who opposed the New Deal) After he was re-elected in 1936, Roosevelt seek to reform the Supreme Court so that it could no longer block his plans. (As source 17 illustrates)This meant appointing judges who were sympathetic to his political views. This was one of Roosevelts biggest mistakes. Roosevelts plan produced a storm of criticism from ordinary Ame ricans and made him look like a dictator. This criticism is seen in source 18.Ironically, Roosevelt was also criticised for not doing exuberant to help the poor. These critics claimed that the aim of the New Deal was not to change American society, but to enable capitalism to survive. A key figure in argument on behalf of these people was Huey Long, the governor of Louisiana. He put forward a scheme called Share our Wealth which involved limiting personal fortunes to a maximum of $3million and restricting income to a maximum of $1million a year. He was so popular that Roosevelt regarded him as one of the two most dangerous men in the USA.If he had not been assassinated in 1935 he may have even challenged Roosevelt in the 1936 election. Overall, I partially agree with the statement The changes made by the American Government between 1919-1939 improved the lives of American citizens Although some sections of society benefited from the New Deal and The Boom life did not improve for everyone. During the prosperity of the 1920s it was only those living in the urban areas that became better off. Many living in uncouth areas of America, instead of receiving increased wages and access to luxury items, faced the hard reality of unemployment and poverty.During the 20s farmers found it difficult to sell their crops and as a result overproduction crippled many of them. Women living in the rural areas did not share the freedom of their counterparts in the cities. They still had traditional occupations and worse traditional styles of clothing. The attitude of society in the 1920s also made live very difficult for anyone who wasnt white. Native and African Americans were awfully discriminated and persecuted simply because they were different. They either had no work or had menial ones with long hours and low wages.The rise of the Ku Klux Klan meant that many Black Americans were lynched and lived in fear of white supremacy. So, despite the boom and the undoubted benefits that it brought to many people, by the end of the 1920s the USA was still a deeply divided society, with enormous difference between rich and poor, white and black. Indeed the only group that was better off was the ordinary workers and the rich business owners. They received larger wages and could begin to afford luxury goods such as the motor car. As source 19 The American economy grew exponentially.However these two groups did not prosper because of Hoovers government. Hoover did nothing during the 20s to improve the lives of ordinary citizens because he believed in Rugged Individualism therefore businesses prospered due to their own ingenuity. On the contrary, Roosevelt actively sought to improve his citizens lives. His New Deal, although not a complete economic success, (as unemployment did not end until the start of World War 2) did manage to turn around the situation for many Americans who were struggling in the depression.Emergency relief prevented families from starving, jo bs were provided for as many unemployed as possible and the Social Security Act of 1935 began to set up a system of national insurance which gave many American much needed support. However Roosevelt was reluctant to deal with the Race issue. This meant that the status of Black Americans did not improve and thus their lives did not improve very much in the Deep South. In spite of this Roosevelt did improve the lives of some African Americans. 200,000 were in the CCC and many benefited from slum clearance and housing projects.Perhaps the most significant change that Roosevelt made was the NRA. It certainly improved the lives of ordinary workers by establishing workers rights to join unions and to bargain collectively for their wages. During the 1930s, union membership rose steadily. But they still had little power compared to the large business owners. The New Deal did much to improve the lives of American farmers. Measures were taken to solve the problem of Overproduction such as enc ouraging soil conservation and providing loans for farm equipment.These were all effective, but they only benefitted large scale farmers. Crop prices started to rise again in the 30s but small farmers saw little of the benefit. There was still much poverty in rural America. So, the changes made by the American Government between 1919-1939 did improved the lives of American citizens because the changes implemented did make the USA a fairer and better place for all sections of society, such as the Wagner Act, the creation of the welfare state and National insurance.These things helped improved peoples lives by giving them much needed financial support and rights in the workplace. However at the turn of the decade (1940) there was still much that needed to be done for some citizens in America. For example the end of lynching for African Americans and giving women equal rights to men. Although The New Deal had not fully achieved this, it was the stepping sway to building a just society .

Introduction to Organizational Behaviour Essay

The DSA and supporting documentation must be submitted no later than five (5) business days from the date of the exam. These requests will be considered on their merit and decisions will be made avail openby logging into the following connectedness http//apps. eso. yorku. ca/apps/adms/deferredexams. nsf. Noindividualized communication will be sent by the School to thestudents (no letter or e-mails). Students with approved DSA will be able to write their deferred examination during the Schools deferred examination period. No march on extensions of deferred exams shall be granted. The framingat and covered content of the deferred examination may be opposite from that of the originally scheduled examination.The deferred exam may be closed book, cumulative and comprehensive and may include all subjects/topics of the textbook whether they have been covered in class or not. Any request for deferred standing on medical grounds must include an Attending Physicians Statement form a Docto rs Note will not be accepted. DSA Form http//www. registrar. yorku. ca/pdf/deferred_standing_agreement. pdf Attending Physicians Statement formhttp//www. yorku. ca/laps/council/students/documents/APS. pdf The deferred examinations for the Fall2012 term shall be held in the period January 25 27 2013. Academic Honesty The Faculty of Liberal Arts and Professional Studiesconsiders breaches of the Senate Policy on Academic Honesty to be serious matters. To quote the Senate Policy on Academic Honesty.The Policy on Academic Honesty is an affirmation and clarification for members of the University of the ordinary obligation to maintain the highest standards of academic frankness. As a clear sense of academic honesty and responsibleness is fundamental to good scholarship, the policy recognizes the general responsibility of all faculty members to foster acceptable standards of academic conduct and of the student to be mindful of and abide by such standards. Suspected breaches of academic honesty will be investigated and charges shall be laid if reasonable and probable grounds exist. Students should review the York Academic Honesty policy for themselves at http//www. yorku. ca/secretariat/policies/document. hp? document=69 Students might also wish to review the interactive on-line Tutorial for students on academic integrity, at http//www. yorku. ca/tutorial/academic_integrity/ tearing down Scheme and Feedback Policy The grading scheme (i. e. kinds and weights of assignments, essays, exams, etc. ) shall be announced, and be available in writing, within the first two weeks of class, and, under normal circumstances, bedded feedback worth at least 15% of the last(a) straddle for Fall, wintertime or Summer Term, and 30% for full year courses offered in the Fall/Winter Term be received by students in all courses prior to the final withdrawal date from a course.Note Under unusual and/or unforeseeable circumstances which disrupt the academic norm, instructors are expect ed to provide grading schemes and academic feedback in the spirit of these regulations, as soon as possible. For much information on the Grading Scheme and Feedback Policy, please visit http//www. yorku. ca/secretariat/policies/document. php? document=86 In-Class Tests and Exams the 20% Rule For all Undergraduate courses, and those which regularly meet on Friday evening or on a weekend, tests or exams worth more than 20% will not be held in the two weeks prior to the beginning of the official examination period. For further information on the 20% Rule, please visit http//www. yorku. a/secretariat/policies/document. php? document=141 For further information on examination scheduling and other important dates, please refer to http//www. registrar. yorku. ca/enrol/dates/index. htm Reappraisals Students may, with sufficient academic grounds, request that a final set up in a course be reappraised (which may mean the review of specific pieces of tangible work). Non-academic grounds ar e not relevant for build reappraisals in such cases, students are advised to petition to their home Faculty. Students are normally expected to first contact the course director to discuss the grade received and to request that their tangible work be reviewed.Tangible work may include written, graphic, digitized, modeled, video recording or audio recording formats, precisely not oral work. Students need to be aware that a request for a grade reappraisal may result in the original grade being raised, lowered or confirmed. For reappraisal procedures and information, please visit the Office of the Registrar site at http//www. registrar. yorku. ca/grades/reappraisal/index. htm allowance Procedures LAPS students who have experienced a misfortune or who are too ill to attend the final examination in an ADMS course should not try out to do so they must pursue deferred standing. Other students should contact their home Faculty for information.For further information, please visit http//w ww. registrar. yorku. ca/exams/deferred/index. htm Religious Accommodation York University is perpetrate to respecting the religious beliefs and practices of all members of the community, and making accommodations for observances of special significance to adherents. For more information on religious accommodation, please visit https//w2prod. sis. yorku. ca/Apps/WebObjects/cdm. woa/wa/regobs Academic Accommodation for Students with Disabilities The nature and extent of accommodations shall be consistent with and supportive of the integrity of the curriculum and of the academic standards of programs or courses.

Cola Wars: Profitability of the soft-drink industry Essay

Historically, the haywire drink industry has been extremely profitable. Long time industry leaders Coca-Cola and Pepsi-Cola vastly drive the profits in the industry, relying on Porters five forces model to explain the attractiveness of the semisoft drink market. These forces al let looseed speed of light and Pepsi to maintain large growth until 1999, and also explain the challenges that each company is currently facing. The relative duopoly that nose candy and Pepsi share in the industry allows for higher profits, plot of land also maintaining affluent competition to promote firm improvement.The first of Porters forces is the threat of new entrants. gust and Pepsi mother been largely successful because of many barriers to entry that limits the assay of entry by potential competitors. Coke and Pepsi two have strong brand loyalty, made possible by their long history and adherence to tradition. When Coke strayed from its Coca-Cola Classic formula, its customers demanded a re turn to the original recipe. Pepsi and Coke also share an absolute cost advantage over others in the industry.They developed superior yield operations by buying up bottling companies and performing the service in-house. These companies also have large economies of scale, as they both operate internationally and together dominate 84% of the market worldwide. Additionally, government regulations have prevented competitors from mimicking Cokes secret formula, as evidenced by their relentless defense of their brand in court. all(prenominal) of these factors have made it difficult for competitors to enter the soft drink industry.The second of Porters forces is rivalry amongst established companies. The competitive structure of the industry has allowed Coke and Pepsi to sustain high profits. The industry is essentially an oligopoly, with Coke and Pepsi dominating the market. The firms are hurt by having similar products that are relatively undifferentiated. However, diversification of p roduct lines into carbonate and non-carbonated beverages has created some product differences.High industry growth from 1975 to 1995 also brookd a reprieve from the competitor pressure. Franchising and long-term contracts created higher switching costs, historically limiting the effects of rivalry on the two firms. Porters third force is the bargaining business office of buyers. This has always been low in the industry, and continues to diminish over time. The low number of suppliers does not afford buyers much room to negotiate. Furthermore, the abundance of distributor options prevented the bottling plants from applying pressure on Coke and Pepsi.Exhibit 8 also shows that both Coke and Pepsi were among the top five consumer brands most important to retailers, suggesting that they were on the losing end of the transaction relationship. Porters fourth force is the bargaining power of suppliers. Coke and Pepsi have always set their price. Bottlers were forced to buy concentrate at set prices, usually negotiated in the favor of Coke and Pepsi. The small number of suppliers limited alternatives that could provide the necessary concentrate to bottling groups.Coke and Pepsi have continuously renegotiated contract terms to decrease their costs and enhance profitability. These contracts eventually eliminated marketing cost obligations for concentrate producers as well. Suppliers became so powerful that they eventually bought their own bottling plants. Porters fifth force is the threat of substitutes. Initially, other products that could fulfill the same objective of soft drinks (quench thirst) were real weak. According to exhibit 1, carbonated soft drinks were the most-consumed beverage in America through the 1970s and 1980s.Since then, bottled water has become increasingly powerful, cutting into U. S. consumption. A ontogeny health awareness has led to higher demand for non-carbonated soft drinks. Coke and Pepsi have largely met this threat by diversifying into other product lines such as water, juice, tea, and sports drinks. A significant factor that has also allowed the soft drink industry to prosper is the success of the fast-food industry. By partnering with restaurants such as Taco Bell, McDonalds, Burger King, and Pizza Hut, soft drinks have become a complement to this other profitable sector.Pepsi has taken advantage of this trend in its merger with Frito-Lay. While these five factors all contributed to fashioning the soft drink industry very profitable, the industry is more recently facing challenges that could lead to declining profitability. Industry demand is steadily decreasing, as the United States the largest consumer of soft drinks in the world becomes more health conscious. Furthermore, buyers are now threatening to produce soft drinks themselves, such as in-store brands at Walmart. This has increased the bargaining power of the buyer.Though the future profitability of the soft drink industry may be declining in America , Coke and Pepsi have taken substantial actions to spread their brands worldwide. all(prenominal) has a long-term growth strategy to saturate new markets, whether domestically or abroad. Coke has already taken control of many international markets, while Pepsi claims that its progression to the snack industry provides synergy in its business. It is undeniable that the competition between Coke and Pepsi has resulted in a multitude of strategies employed by both sides.

Is there a god? Essay

The justification for the belief in the foundation of god has historically evaded the scope of empirical verification. However, exceeding historic events and profound cultural and political evolutions cede taken place due to the influence of unearthly beliefs. Additionally, unearthly belief has impacted matters of social justice, economic parity, and moralistic and ethical beliefs all around the world.Whether or non the existence of a deity (or paragons) tin domiciliate be established by modern scientific investigation seems irrelevant to the course of mankind events, legion(predicate) an(prenominal) of which argon propelled by religious convictions. Despite the native reluctance and technical inability of contemporary scientists to corroborate the existence of God, philosophical pedigrees based on psuedo-scientific criteria are numerous most of these empirical arguments are based in one form or an separate around the idea-structure of Swinburnes famous treatise Is The re a God?, which purports to prove by rational hypothesis and logic that God exists. Foremost among Swinburnes arguments is that the natural order of the founding demonstrates intelligent design It is extraordinary that in that location should exist whateverthing at all And so many things. Maybe chance could have thrown up the odd electron. BUT so many particles If we can explain the many bits of the man by one unsubdivided existence which keeps them in existence, we should do soeven if inevitably we cannot explain the existence of that simple being. (Swinburne, 1996, p. 48-49) Swinburnes argument is steeped in formal logic and rhetoric, yet the underlying principles are relatively simple. The idea that the existence of a complex universe which is well-suited to kind race experience postulates an intelligent creator for some(prenominal) things the universe and humanity, is based less in rationality than in the emotion of astonished wonder.In other words, because Swinburne finds the universe to be a marvel of curiosities and interestingly designed elements and phenomena does not indicate that the universe is experienced this away by a majority of human beings or in any way that the experience Swinburne records indicates the existence of a God. Basically, the argument for intelligent design is based on affinity the universe is well-designed as a human made arti fact might be well-designed, therefore, the universe mustiness have an intelligent designer.Nonetheless, this teleological argument which is normally construed as an argument from analogy Since the universe is analogous to some human artifact that one knows to be designed, probably the universe itself is designed breaks down when examined closely. Although Hume and others have described the universe as a watch and argued that just as we can infer that a watch found on a heath has a designer, so we can infer that the universe has a designer (Martin, 1990, p. 125) the analogy is specious when taken to its logical conclusions.For example, if the analogy were carried to its logical extreme, one would end up with conclusions not gratifying to the theist. Because machines are usually made by many intelligent beings some form of polytheism rather than monotheism would be warranted by the argument as well as the fact that the beings who create machines have bodies, so God must have a body. If machines have imperfections, we have grounds for supposing that the creators are not perfect. So since the universe has imperfections, one should conclude that God is not perfect. (Martin, 1990, p. 127) These analogous conclusion run contrary to demonstrating the existence of God insofar as Swinburne intended his analogy to function. In fact, the deeper one takes the analogy, the closer one comes to the opposite conclusion that no monotheistic God at all exists. Another of the assertions made by religious pragmatists is that not only the existence of a universe, but the existence of an orderly universe with a complex (and generally hierarchical) system of phenomena, demonstrates the existence of God.Again, because an orderly world is both functional and to some degree pleasurable (according to Swinburne) there must be an intelligence behind the design of the universe. And merely an intelligent designer but an powerful creator, who is able to produce a world orderly in these respects. And he has good reason to choose to do so a world containing human persons is a good thing. Persons have experiences, and thoughts, and can make choices, and their choices can make big differences to themselves, to others, and to the inanimate world.God, being perfectly good, is generous He wants to share. (Swinburne, 1996, p. 52) This latter asking seems completely out of order in a rational and scientific discussion, but as this discussion will later show, the emotionality of belief is an picture of religious conviction which enters into not only the so-called logical argument on behalf of their faith, but as the primary emotional and psychological connection with the God or Gods which are believed in by religious devotees.Again, like Swinburnes assertion that the mere existence of the universe indicates a designer, his likewise analogy that the universe, being well-ordered indicates intelligent design, is easily refuted simply by examining Swinburnes analogy itself closely.If the universe is wonderfully complex and apparently designed to fulfill humanitys needs and expectations, modern science accepts the possibility of multi-universes, most of which cannot be meaningfully detected by mankind Although it may be true that the universe is unique, there is no reason to suppose, in the light of our pbegrudge state, that this is relevant in judging whether it is created or not. We have no reason to suppose it cannot be judged by the same criteria we use to judge whether planets, rocks, and gismos are created it may be urged that as our technology advances, w e may be able to create objects that resemble more than and more the natural objects we find in the universe. (Martin, 1990, p. 332)Obviously, the projected future of science could be extend logically to include the technology which could create geological elements, in fact planets themselves, which would demonstrate not the intelligent design of a God but the intelligent design of mankind, which is among the animal orders.That last assertion is something that Swinburne objects to with great fervor At some time in evolutionary history bodies of complex animals become connected to souls, and this, I shall be arguing, is something utterly beyond the power of science to explain. merely theism can explain thisfor God has the power and reason to join souls to bodies. (Swinburne, 1996, p. 69-70) Of course, science has no power to explain mystical or supernatural phenomena.The lack of scientific inquiry into these ares comprises another, more dramatically contemporary, argument for the existence of Gid. This argument posits the idea that since science and scientists are reluctant to investigate mystical and supernatural phenomena, proof of the existence of God has evaded science because the proof for Gods existence resides in the supernatural sphere.Those who argue along these lines contend that Scientific practice is often contrasted with religious belief in that the former is supposed to be open-minded whereas the latter is said to be close-minded and hence closer to ideology and these same observers resent being categorized as close-minded instead positing that science is, in fact,narrow-minded for not taking into account the supernatural. (Van Heerden, 2004)Investigation of the supernatural does, in fact, seem to be outside of the preferred scope of scientific investigation, although some noteworthy efforts have been made. In 1882 a group of eminent scholars from the humanities and the sciences founded the Society for Psychical Re appear, with the state purp ose of investigating so-called paranormal phenomena in a scientific manner but this gesture seems to have been more or less forgotten in contemporary science.The prevailing disdain amongst certain scientific atheists regarding religious belief, and their rejection of religion is based not on sound physical/material march but on existing prejudices. There is no existing record that disproves the existence of a supernatural agent or agents or which proves conclusively that other mechanisms/agencies are not at work alongside (or working through) ones already identified and canonized in orthodox science (Van Heerden, 2004) Van Heerdens argument is one of the most compelling arguments that theists have at their disposal.It must be remembered, though, that this contention is one of distinguishing a lack of evidence which would prove the existence of God it is not a conformation that such evidence is there to be collected, merely a positing of an area which has not been thoroughly exhaus ted in the search for possible evidence. Such arguments are, in fact, the province of mysticism rather than science and seem to be an acknowledgment that science cannot fulfil this purpose because it extends alienation in the world by driving subject and object ever further apart in its reductive thinking.Mysticism, at the other end of the spectrum, claims the complete exclusion of alienation but again this contention has nothing whatsoever to do with establishing evidence for the existence of God rather it is an emotional appeal, based in human psychology rather than in empirical, objective evidence. (Van Heerden, 2004) In fact, the psychological and hence subjective connection to the idea of a God or Gods is what drives the conviction many believers profess to having in the existence of God. A survey of theists revealed a personal, subjective, rather than empirically phenomenal, vision of God among respondents.Such a distinction from empirical evidence is important because it in dicates that even among strong believers, God is viewed more as an internal psychological component rather than an external force which exudes omnipotent power all over the created universe God is valued as an end in Himself rather than as a means to other ends. Most people want God for the same reason for which they want friends, and His relation to them is exactly that of a very dear and very lovable and very sympathizing friend. (Pratt, 1907, p. 264).Theists, as we have seen through our preceding discussion, typically move from an empirical or scientific mode of argument to an emotional mode of argument to a mystical mode of argument and finally to a moral or ethical mode of argument. This final mode is usually articulated, fundamentally, as ana indictment of human moral and ethical character. Without a God, it is posited, the moral and ethical systems of human society would crumble. Or conversely, since humanity is so innately sinful, elaborate ethical and moral systems as h anded down from God must be used to restrain our worst tendencies.However, another vision fo a Godless world acn be equally demonstrated, due the lack of any evidence as God as an active force in the universe and not merely as a psychological quantity the religious consciousness values God chiefly as a companion. The need of Him is a social need. Religious people would miss Him if they should lose their faith, just as they miss a dead friend however, society would surely endure. (Pratt, 1907, p. 268) In fact, atheists envision a world which, would in some ways,.be superior to the theistically determined worlds which have inspired wars and intellectual conservatism. Should atheism become the dominant world-view, it is posited, then one would anticipate vast changes in many areas. For example, there would probably be fewer wars and less violence than there is now . The birth rate would also drop in many countries, since religious objections to contraception would no longer prevail . church building and state would probably become separate in countries in which they have traditionally been interwovenThis in turn would bring about profound political changes. only such changes are unlikely to happen in the near future because, despite the lack of any credible scientific or empirical evidence to demonstrate the existence of God, the psychological component of these belief-systems are so endemic and so influential in world-affairs that their functional repudiation, despite the ease with which it can be made from a scientific or philosophical angel, seems destined for a distant future.(Martin, 1990, p. 459) References Martin, M. (1990). Atheism A Philosophical Justification. Philadelphia Temple University Press. Pratt, J. B. (1907). The Psychology of Religious Belief. stark naked York Macmillan. Swinburne, R. (1996). Is There a God?. Oxford Oxford University Press. Van Heerden, A. (2004, June). Why Atheism Is Unscientific. Contemporary Review, 284, 351+.

The main idea behind use of biomimicry techniques

Biomimicry, also called bionics, is a modern branch of science that explores life equivalent designs and processes so as to transplant these ideas to finding solutions to human problems.The main idea behind use of biomimicry techniques is that reputation, creative by necessity, has already solved many of the problems we are grappling with, and the beings that survived to this day are the secret to success, in contrast to those that are buried as fossils (Benyus, n.d.).Scientists potentiometer discover the principles underlying infixed phenomena to apply them ulterior to design of human practices and products. The closer human society and production approaches nature, the closer is the goal of sustain able-bodied development.Biomimicry seat cooperate solve a number of problems in the most diverse areas of science. One of those is the production of excess strong materials. In contrast to valet that use the heat, beat, and treat for this purpose, nature makes tough stuff lik e collagen and bone from natural materials within the body.The spiders web is in fact much more(prenominal)(prenominal) enduring than regular(a) steel and produced of inexpensive materials in an environmentally friendly way. K at a timeledge of how humanity scum bag copycat the spiders work would help people make fiber in the corresponding way would produce a revolution in the industry. The like is true of the proposal to introduce natural agricultural systems that would replace traditional annuals with plant cultures indigenous to the territory that would supply the land with natural fertilizers if allowed to overwinter.Biomimicry can alter the way we categorize living species. As of today, most biologists follow the traditional classification separate organisms in accordance with their origin. A cow and a dolphin are placed in the same class of mammals rase though they have a completely different habitat and adaptation mechanisms.From the bionic perspective, animals and ot her species that have similar adaptive mechanisms and employ similar processes can be assort together so that their special features can be evaluated and studied by scholars. Under this perspective, dolphins can be grouped together with fish so that their methods of moving under water can be investigated effectively.Biomimicry would hold still for that humans would get strengthened grip over their evolutionary development. No longer would humanity be in conflict with nature, trying to re-shape it in its own way. All things produced and lifestyle would become less artificial and more natural.The greatest advancement would come from the application of biomimicry techniques in medicine where it is used in replacement or enhancement of organs or other body parts by mechanical versions that differ from regular prostheses by mimicking the original function very closely, or even surpassing it (Wikipedia, 2006).Examples include the cochlear enter intended for people with hearing impairm ents, artificial hearts, respirocyte, a red cell designed with the help of nanotechnologies, and a silicon retina functioning like the human one (Wikipedia, 2006). Looking at these technologies, one can father the conclusion that human species can now control its own evolution in the way no other species had ever been able. Relying on scientific technologies to reproduce natural processes and designs, humans can correct failures of nature for disabled and sick individuals, helping them return to normal life.The use of biomimicry has important implications for pharmaceutical companies. They can now produce new, improved medication mimicking the designs and techniques used by nature. Exploring sharks, anemones, and other animals, scientists have discovered that mrine creatures, which live surround by pathogens in the sea, are full of novel defenses (Benyus, n.d.). Following nature in the composition of new drugs, pharmacologists can re-create this natural variety by creating medicat ion that will mirror these natural products and help humans in the same way.Natural substances are often the best solutions to human problems since they are applied in nature to heal and cure. As stated above, organisms that were inefficient in their design and failed to develop reliable slipway to deal with diseases are long gone, after they had been shoved to the sidelines of the evolution. Those that survived can offer humanity reliable ways to commove with disease.Many pharmaceutical companies have recognized the emergence of new opportunities to improve their offerings. The Danish pharmaceutical company Novosymes that leads in industrial enzymes and microorganisms is one of the pioneers in this area. Production of enzymes for many other industries contributes to the manufacturing of laundry detergents, bread, olive oil, wine and even the turf on the local golf course (Fried, 2004).For example, in the detergent manufacturing it makes sense to use enzymes because they work out better than regular cleaning substances. Enzymes that are present in virtually every living organism are basically biodegradable proteins that speed up all vital biological processes (Fried, 2004). Growing organisms much(prenominal) as bacteria and fungi, Novozymes tries to identify organisms that produce a high amount of enzymes. In fact, scholars even trustingness microorganisms relying on DNA sequences to produce new enzymes.Thus, the use of biomimicry in pharmaceutical business and other integrated environments allows companies to better meet the needs of their customers and grant human beings greater control over their lives. This does not mean that companies using biomimicry techniques will be controlling human lives. However, by imitating nature, they will hopefully be able to make human society more sustainable and economic growth and technologies more balanced and environmentally friendly.ReferencesBenyus, J. Biomimicry. Retrieved August 7, 2006, from www.biomimicry.net Fried, R. (2004). A Business Built on Biomimicry. Retrieved August 7, 2006, from http//www.tidepool.org/original_content.cfm?articleid=120228Wikipedia. (2006). Bionics. Retrieved August 7, 2006, from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomimicry

Missing Children

INTRODUCTION Over the years our country, Malaysia has been bombarded with copiousness of lacking children/ children abduction cases. A statistic released by police of Malaysia, stated that a total of 3223 children below 18 went wanting(p) between 2008 and April last year (2012). Of this figure, only ab forbidden 1000 cases were solved. From the statistic, its clearly shown that, over 3223 cases inform 2223 cases still unsolved. The questions atomic number 18, how does it happen? Who should be blamed? What the impact of this scenario? And what are the best ways to prevent children from lose?Thus, in this essay, the priority lead be given to the causes, the effects and few suggestions to overcome missing children cases. THE CAUSES OF wanting CHILDREN Figure 1 The Causes Of Missing Children Family Problems This is the prominent causes of the missing children cases happened not just in Malaysia but similarly around the globe. Many people agree with it as basic all in ally, par ents play an important role on how to keep up the family, to treat the children and to solve any hassles happen to the members of the family.Family problems can be included in term of fiscal problem, misunderstanding among family members and lack of determination and in search of freedom. When a certain family is having some financial problems, it go out slightly affect the children because children actually are still young to know any problems related to the financial status of their family. So, parents should aware about this problem, never reveal or expose any financial problem to your children. Apart from that, children extremity intention from their family.They are still young and at these ages (below 18) they really penury the intention from their family or parents negligence. If they do not get the full intention from the family, they might be in influenced in much bad behaviour like vandalism, gangsterism and they might tend to run away from home. Hence, ever designa te 1 parents have to play an important role in raising up the children. Peer forge When the children do not get the full intention from their parents, they tend to share their problems with their friends. They share most everything with their friends from groom issues to their feelings. roundtimes the missing of children happens because of love matter. At these ages they are easily falling in love with some carcass. This is because those children feel that their raw sienna can give them freedom and better life. Picture 2 peers have the ability to influence the children to be good or bad Job Opportunities Lastly, the cause that leads to children missing is the job opportunities. It usually happens to the children that dont like to go for education at school. They think that education is just wasting their time, so they waive their school and start working.However, parents usually prohibit them from working because this is not a time for them to take on gold and work. Then, wh en the children dont be given the opportunity to work, they decide to run away from home and work. THE make OF MISSING CHILDREN Penalising Errant Parents People argue that we need to blame the parents first because of the missing children cases. It is because they are the ones who scrawny to their children more than anyone else. It is therefore, not surprising that more and more voice are being raised in favour of penalising errant parents.According to the law, these errant parents will be penalised under voice 33 of the Child crook 2001 that result them to be liable to a fine not exceeding RM 5000 or custody for a term not exceeding two years or both. Section 33 of the Child affect 2001 Provides that any person who, being a parent, guardian or person with temporary care of a child, leave that child * Without making reasonable provision for the supervision and care of the child * For a catamenia which is unreasonable having regard to all the circumstances or * Under conditi ons which are unreasonable having regard to all the circumstances. Commits an offence and shall, on conviction, be liable to a fine not exceeding RM 5000 or imprisonment for a term not exceeding two years or both. Figure 2 Section 33 of the Child Act 2001 The Missing Children Life And Safety Are Not Guaranteed. In some cases, not all missing children reported that they are running away from home. It is because they might be missing due to the hook. Those children who are kidnaped by the criminals might live in a hazardous and awful life. Some of them are kidnaped to be slaves of criminals component the criminals to find money just like what is happening in our countries.These children are forced to become beggars and ask donation from the public. In some other cases, we may find out that those children are forced to become prostitutes. This happens mostly in Middle Eastern Countries. The world we live in is no stranger to one of the biggest reasons many of our children disappea r without a trace. Many children are abducted and sold for body parts throughout the United States, Central America, atomic number 16 America and Europe. The Inter electronic network has become one of the greatest sources of business and the electronic organized underground business is one of the most successful businesses anywhere in the world.Can you say having the need of life and searching the Internet and finding a broker who can find you the organ of your choice? Here in the U. S. A. , in Mexico, El Salvador, Costa Rica, anywhere in Central, North and South America, anywhere for a price you can pay for and get the organ of your choice. If you dont believe it, search the net right here right now in Orange County, New York or anyplace in the world. Many missing children are abducted and sold for these body parts. This is a multi-million dollar a year business. Be careful when your child is talking to a friendly little girl in a confabulate room.The Internet is worldwide and sometimes deceptive. The chat room your child uses could be somewhere in Mexico or New York, India, The Middle east or Korea. Your child could be talking to anyone, anywhere with the touch of a button, so close. SUGGESTIONS TO PREVENT CHILDREN FROM GOING MISSING. * Do not leave children unsupervised in public places. Children especially in early ages between 4 to 9 years old cannot handle themselves very well. They need someone to rely on. So, never leave your children unsupervised especially in public places because they dont know what to do and to whom they should rely on. T separately children to be suspicious of strangers and not be lured by them. It is a good technique that every parent should implement to their children, teach your children to be suspicious of strangers and not to be lured by them. We cannot simply believe in strangers that we meet. Maybe they are bad people that intend to kidnap your children. * Teach children how to respond in dangerous situations. Next, par ents should teach their children to respond in dangerous situation. So, when it comes to any dangerous situations they will be able to react and find the solution. * Make sure children keep a broadside with emergency contact numbers.Furthermore, good parents are them who always make sure that their children memorize and keep a note with emergency contact number especially the official contact number of police. So, when it comes to the dangerous situation, your children will be able to call for help. * Society should be alert to, and help, children seen to be wandering around alone. Here, the suck up will be the society. We should never rely on parents only. Society also has to play their role in preventing children from going missing. When we see any children wandering around alone, we need to take action by helping them to find their home.CONCLUSION All in all, we can conclude that missing children is not a case that we should not pay attention. This issue has been discussed arou nd the year for years and still happen in many countries. We need to aware that children are the asset of the country, they are precious and we need keep them safe from any harm. Ultimately, each of us including parents, teachers and society has to play an important role to curb children missing. We need to cooperate together to find solutions of this issue. Together we can create a better life and place for our children.